Photoelectric Effect and Einsteins 1921 Nobel Prize

The photoelectric effect posed a significant challenge to the study of optics in the latter portion of the 1800s. It challenged the classical wave theory of light, which was the prevailing theory of the time. It was the solution to this physics dilemma that catapulted Einstein into prominence in the physics community, ultimately earning him the 1921 Nobel Prize. What Is the Photoelectric Effect? Annalen der Physik When a light source (or, more generally, electromagnetic radiation) is incident upon a metallic surface, the surface can emit electrons. Electrons emitted in this fashion are called photoelectrons (although they are still just electrons). This is depicted in the image to the right. Setting Up the Photoelectric Effect By administering a negative voltage potential (the black box in the picture) to the collector, it takes more energy for the electrons to complete the journey and initiate the current. The point at which no electrons make it to the collector is called the stopping potential Vs, and can be used to determine the maximum kinetic energy Kmax of the electrons (which have electronic charge e) by using the following equation: Kmax eVs The Classical Wave Explanation Iwork function phiPhi Three main predictions come from this classical explanation: The intensity of the radiation should have a proportional relationship with the resulting maximum kinetic energy.The photoelectric effect should occur for any light, regardless of frequency or wavelength.There should be a delay on the order of seconds between the radiation’s contact with the metal and the initial release of photoelectrons. The Experimental Result The intensity of the light source had no effect on the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons.Below a certain frequency, the photoelectric effect does not occur at all.There is no significant delay (less than 10-9 s) between the light source activation and the emission of the first photoelectrons. As you can tell, these three results are the exact opposite of the wave theory predictions. Not only that, but they are all three completely counter-intuitive. Why would low-frequency light not trigger the photoelectric effect, since it still carries energy? How do the photoelectrons release so quickly? And, perhaps most curiously, why does adding more intensity not result in more energetic electron releases? Why does the wave theory fail so utterly in this case when it works so well in so many other situation Einstein's Wonderful Year Albert Einstein Annalen der Physik Building on Max Plancks blackbody radiation theory, Einstein proposed that radiation energy is not continuously distributed over the wavefront, but is instead localized in small bundles (later called photons). The photons energy would be associated with its frequency (ÃŽ ½), through a proportionality constant known as Plancks constant (h), or alternately, using the wavelength (ÃŽ ») and the speed of light (c): E hÃŽ ½ hc / ÃŽ » or the momentum equation: p h / ÃŽ » ÃŽ ½Ãâ€  If, however, there is excess energy, beyond φ, in the photon, the excess energy is converted into the kinetic energy of the electron: Kmax hÃŽ ½ - φ The maximum kinetic energy results when the least-tightly-bound electrons break free, but what about the most-tightly-bound ones; The ones in which there is just enough energy in the photon to knock it loose, but the kinetic energy that results in zero? Setting Kmax equal to zero for this cutoff frequency (ÃŽ ½c), we get: ÃŽ ½c φ / h or the cutoff wavelength: ÃŽ »c hc / φ After Einstein Most significantly, the photoelectric effect, and the photon theory it inspired, crushed the classical wave theory of light. Though no one could deny that light behaved as a wave, after Einsteins first paper, it was undeniable that it was also a particle.

The Impact of the Documents of the Protestant Reformation

The Impact of the Documents of the Protestant Reformation The documents of the Protestant Reformation offer a tremendous amount of significance for World History as they were symbols of tremendously revolutionary events. Their impact was widespread and across continents for many years, resulting in a reevaluation of monarchies, spirituality and ones relationship with the divine. Context The documents of the Reformation pushed people into a situation where they had to make a definitive decision regarding their personal religion, whether they were going to be Catholic or Protestant. While today such a decision might seem purely personal and private, such a decision in the 1500s in many ways could be a matter of life and death, given the intense religious wars in that time period (Kreis, 2009). The reformation took place during the 16th century as a manifestation of widespread dissatisfaction with the Church which occurred at all levels of European society (Kreis, 2009). Many Christians were on a journey seeking personal salvation and generally didnt find the Churchs focus on rituals terribly conducive to such a goal; this time marked a decided shift from the salvation of entire groups of people to something more intimate and individual (Kreis, 2009). The sacraments had become forms of ritualized behavior that no longer spoke to the people of Europe. They had become d evoid of meaning. And since more people were congregating in towns and cities, they could observeShow MoreRelatedThe Invention Of The Printing Press932 Words   |  4 Pagestwo effects were the exploration of the Americas and the Protestant Reformation. Exploration was Colombus and his explorers â€Å"discovering† America. The printing press had great influence on these events. The Protestant Reformation was also shaped by the printing press, in some cases more than exploration. The Protestant Reformation, or more simply, The Reformation, was a mass conversion of people from the Catholic Church to the Protestant Church. The citizens of Europe started to access more informationRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation916 Words   |  4 PagesThe Protestant Reformation took place in the 16th century and was a major European movement whose goal was to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. This movement led to people worshipping God as th ey wanted and no longer relying on the Catholic Church for guidance with religious matters. Even though people were doing what they believed, the Protestant Reformation brought many conflicts. Religious disagreements caused bloody conflicts all over Europe. The principal figureRead MoreThe Legacy of Edward VI as Explained in Tudor Church Militant: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation923 Words   |  4 Pagesand the Protestant Reformation. London, Penguin Books, 2001. The foundation of this book comes from a series of Birkbeck lectures which the author, Diarmaid MacCulloch, delivered at the University of Cambridge in the Lent term of 1998. MacCulloch’s purpose in writing Tudor Church Militant: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation were to voice his argument that the Edwardian reformation was a critical moment in the progress of the Anglican Church and the establishing of England’s Protestant identityRead MoreMartin Luther and the Catholic Church894 Words   |  4 Pageswhat his works taught. The Protestant Reformation was a movement during the 16th century, which aimed to reform some beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. The reformation was led by a German monk named Martin Luther and was further modified by John Calvin, a French theologian and Henry VIII, the king of England. The ideas bought forward by these individuals started the Protestant Reformation, which triggered wars, prosecutions and the Counter-Reformat ion. Martin Luther was responsibleRead MoreMartin Luther And The Protestant Reformation1326 Words   |  6 Pagespower. Thus the Religious Reformation period was the most important time because new religions were formed and the RCC had all the power. Indeed supporters of the Reformation Religions believe that this time had the biggest impact because during this time new religions were created and millions changed faith. In his text â€Å"Martin Luther† the author argues that â€Å"Martin Luther as a Christian theologist and Augustinian monk whose teachings inspired the Protestant Reformation†. Martin Luther was theRead MoreFive Solae Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pageslifestyle, based on private prayer, worship, study, and individual ethical choice. This was difficult for many to do.† Not only was the Protestant Reformation a crucial time in the history of Europe, but also in the history of the entire world. The Protestant Reformation marked a massive alteration of religion. New religious ideas flourished during the Reformation, thus, challenging the beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church. A storm of question began to emerge against the Roman Catholic Church becauseRead MoreDifferent Impacts on Religion1067 Words   |  5 PagesLuther’s Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation had an immense impact on religion. Martin Luther’s document would pave the way for the Protestant Reformation, while Louis XIV would revoke all the freedoms that the Huguenots enjoyed in a Catholic France with the Edict of Nantes. This essay will compare and contrast these distinctions and their impact on religion. Therefore, although years apart, these two documents lead a paradigm shift, address what they believe to be â€Å"evils† plaguing theirRead MoreDBQ: Causes of the Protestant Reformation739 Words   |  3 PagesThere are approximately eight hundred million Protestant Christians currently in the world with it being the second largest Christian domination (Fairchild). However, there are over a billion followers of the Roman Catholic faith and it curre ntly stands as the Christian domination with the most followers (Fairchild). If it were not for the German monk, Martin Luther, most Christians would have been Roman Catholic in the present. Martin Luther is famous for â€Å"95 Theses† that critiqued the practicesRead MoreThe German Reformer Martin Luther930 Words   |  4 Pages The German reformer Martin Luther was the first and greatest figure in the sixteenth-century Reformation. An author of commentaries on Scripture , theology, and priestly abuses, a hymnologist (writer of hymns [sacred songs]), and a preacher, from his own time to the present he has been a symbol of Protestantism (group of Christian faiths that do not believe in the supremacy of the pope, but in the absolute authority of the Bible). Luther had an intriguing childhood with his father, a majorRead MoreThe Religious Conscience Of Europe1178 Words   |  5 Pagespersonal faith, and minister to the needs of others. Communication resources have bec ome the glue that holds together nations, corporations, faith communities and families. This has not always been true, the many events of the sixteenth century Reformation vastly influenced the development of Christianity. As the fifteenth century closed, it was clear that the church was struggling and in need of reform. Corruption of the papacy was widespread and distrust filled the minds of the people. Historian

The Issue Of Same Sex Marriage - 1404 Words

The issue of same-sex marriage in America right now is convoluted since the political culture of each state varies. Marrying the person you love can be either effortless or unbelievably difficult— sometimes even illegal. Although it wasn’t openly spoken about, homosexuality was frowned upon in the United States. Some companies refused to hire people if they knew they were gay. Baker v. Nelson was one of the first court cases in which the legal system was challenged on the topic of same-sex marriage. The conflict originally took place in Minneapolis when Richard John Jack Baker and James Michael McConnell attempted to obtain a marriage license from Gerald Nelson, the Hennepin County District Court clerk. He denied their application because†¦show more content†¦They declared â€Å"only a marriage between a man and a woman is valid in this state† (Schulin, 2010). Those who are not given the rights to marry a person of the same-sex have important benefits wi thheld that come along with marriage. This is precisely what happened to Karen Thompson from Minnesota; her partner, Sharon Kowalski, was in a car accident in 1983 that left her brain damaged and quadriplegic. Thompson had to file appeals in local, state and federal courts in order for her to be able to legally take care of Kowalski. Kowalski’s parents, Donald and Della, opposed of their partnership and put her in a nursing home in 1985 with no visiting rights for Thompson. In 1991, she subsequently became the legal guardian for Kowalski. The director of the American Civil Liberties Union’s Lesbian and Gay Rights Project, William Rubenstein, said it best: â€Å"...It took her seven years to do so, when guardianship rights for a heterosexual married couple would be taken for granted† (Lewin, 1991). The federal government’s delegated powers do not include the regulation of marriage in the states in accordance to the U.S. Constitution. However, President Bil l Clinton signed the Defense of Marriage Act into law in 1996. Section 3 of this federal law characterized marriage as the joining of only a woman and a man. It allowed states to deny the recognition of same-sex marriages that have been authorized in other states while only acknowledging the marriages of

Recruitment & Selection Policies - Solution of Analysis Report

Question: Analyse the recruitment and selection policies of chosen organization, to show how they attempt to maintain and improve their positions in the sector in which they operate. The organization chosen is Harrods London. Answer: Introduction: All over the world, Harrods is a recognizing brand. It has the 330 different departments all over the world. Its brand values are the biggest asset for the company. The organization mainly stands for its brand values. Innovation, sensation, luxury, service are the values of the Harrods. Fig 1: values of Harrods The recruitment and selection process of Harrods should be unique so that they can increase their profitability with the vital resources of the organization. The public faces of the company are the employees of the organization. To ensure the day-to-day running of the business, they have to interact with their employees, customers, managers, stakeholders etc. In 2010 from Mohamed Al-Fayed Qatar holding purchased Harrods. To the continuing success of the business, they recognize the engaged employees in the organization. In the recruitment and selection process, the main role to manage employee relationship in the organization is human resource department. There are different recruitment policies and procedures of every company. Therefore, Harrods has the different recruitment policies and procedures to increase the employee engagement in the company (Abou-Moghli, 2015). The recruitment and selection polices are following: The policy of conduct scrutinize by the organization only. From the time, the recruitment date to open the job vacancy to the position fills, it happens in chronological order. The suitable candidate for the organization that has the specific skills and knowledge for the open position in the organization has to be identifying by the human resource department of the company. The company should give the best opinion about every candidate so that they can choose the right candidate from the whole lot. All applicable employment laws to the candidates those are selected by the company. It means the company is giving the equal opportunity to every candidate (Fabel and Pascalau, 2013). Essential principles: The recruitment polices and the selection procedure is based on the underlying principles that are following: Based on sustainability with respect to the position, the applicant will be chosen by the company. The company to all the applicants should inform the details of the vacant position and the application procedures. The company should provide the necessary information to the candidate so that they can have a clear idea about the job description. The company should see if the candidate is suitable for the position or not. The company should not be disclosing the candidates information with others; they should respect their privacy and should be treating with confidentiality with the candidate information. If any employees of the organization are submitting any complaint in written to the company, then it is the responsibility of the company to give response of the compliant in writing (Ghazala Ishrat, 2013). A vacancy within the company and the recruitment candidates takes place the policies are applies to a procedure that is conducts by: a) Notice board or internal recruitment b) Advertisements through newspaper, online media or public announcements by the company c) Executive search Position information: If the company wants to fill a vacancy for a particular position then the company decides the vacancy should be filling or can be hold or not. The specific job detail will need the specific candidates who are suitable for the position or not. The job description should clearly mentioned by the company to the candidates. The company to the candidates should clarify the specific duties and the responsibilities of the particular position so that they can have the clear idea about the position (Thibault et al., 2015). The employment status or the nature of the employment should clarify by the company to the candidates that the job is for permanent basis or for temporary basis. The employee need to work in the shift or should be working at a specific hours. The company that is skills and knowledge, experience about the particular job should consider the professional proficiency of the job description. The company should give a detail idea to all the employees in the organization about the job description of a particular job (Machado and Davim, 2014). Recruitment: The job advertisement will state the method of application, in relevant to the job description. Selection phase: The company should give the proper details to the candidate that at what time the employee should join in the organization. If the company found the right candidate for the specific job description, then the vacancy should be close at a proper time. Some more conditions that need to consider by the company are following: a) When the vacancies of the company fully closed, the rejected application needs to be considering by them (Mahmood, 2014). b) The interview of the candidate schedule needs to be invited by the company. The company should inquire the same questions for the related job or position to the candidate so that the company can know about the candidates knowledge, experience, and their educational background so that the company can know about them very clearly. The company should inform the candidates about the detail job vacancy and the information about the complete order of the job description so that the employee has the detail idea about the job specification (Miles and Sadler-Smith, 2014). Further information: If the employees need the further information about the job description or the duties and the responsibilities of the specific job then the company should take the responsibilities to give a detail about the job description to the employees of the organization. Rejection and completion of the application procedure: In the process of selection and recruitment procedure, if the company has realized that the many candidates did not fulfill the criteria for a specific job then the company should give a message by email or in written process so that the candidate have a clear proof of the process. There will be a situation when the candidate fulfills all the criteria but the job vacancy for some particular position has already filled then the company can retain those candidatess resume in their database for further clarification (Neumann, 2013). Conclusion: After considering the above discussion, the company Harrods is using these policies for recruiting and selecting the right candidate for their organization to increase the profitability and the quality of standard. References Abou-Moghli, A. (2015). Recruitment and Selection and Their Effect in Achieving the Institutional Excellence.International Business Research, 8(3). Fabel, O. and Pascalau, R. (2013). Recruitment of Seemingly Overeducated Personnel: InsiderOutsider Effects on Fair Employee Selection Practices.International Journal of the Economics of Business, 20(1), pp.57-82. Ghazala Ishrat, G. (2013). A comparative study of Recruitment Selection, Training and Development policies in Indian MNCs and Foreign MNCs.IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 7(5), pp.29-43. Machado, C. and Davim, J. (2014).Work Organization and Human Resource Management. Dordrecht: Springer. Mahmood, M. (2014). Strategy, structure, and HRM policy orientation: Employee recruitment and selection practices in multinational subsidiaries.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 53(3), pp.331-350. Miles, A. and Sadler-Smith, E. (2014). With recruitment I always feel I need to listen to my gut: the role of intuition in employee selection.Personnel Review, 43(4), pp.606-627. Neumann, G. (2013). Recruitment policies.The Physics Teacher, 25(2), p.72. Thibault, E., Lynch, L., McBride, R. and Walsh, G. (2015).Proactive police management. Boston: Pearson.

The Intel Corporation Waste Management Plan in the Workplaces

Executive summary Waste materials produced in the workplace pose various challenges to both organisations and the environments in which the refuse is disposed. This paper presents a discussion of the intensity of the seriousness of these problems with reference to a case study of waste management in Jones Cafe 5 and the Ronler Acres Cafe 3 workplaces.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Intel Corporation Waste Management Plan in the Workplaces specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two workplaces are cafà ©s owned by the Intel Corporation. They are located in Hillsboro in the State of Oregon, in the United States. Currently, the two dining facilities use pre-consumption waste management techniques, which involve measuring the pre-consumed waste in a bid to look for mechanisms of reducing the refuse. The facilities have been successful in this effort by reducing this type of garbage by 47 % between 2009 and 20 10. This reduction translates to saving of $132,000 for every $1,000,000 worth of foods produced at the workplaces. This paper proposes a plan for increasing the savings by an additional $80,000 for every $ 1,000,000 worth of foods produced in the facilities through the adoption of post-consumption waste saving strategies such as recycling, minimisation of packaging, and conversion of refuse into inputs. These strategies are implementable within one year. However, the strategies will use the Intel Corporation’s financial resources for the future reduction of costs associated with refuse. Introduction The world population is rapidly growing, thus leading to the emergence of more urban centres. As urban centres become more populated, municipal solid waste (MSW), which is one of the critical by-products of lifestyles associated with urbanisation, also increases. According to the World Bank (2013, par. 1), ‘ten years ago there were 2.9 billion urban residents who generated about 0.64 kg of MSW per person per day (0.68 billion tons per year)’. While this population has currently grown, the waste production capacity per person has also grown. This growth is due to increased consumption of manufactured food products and other goods.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The World Bank (2013, par. 2) estimates that the world urban population currently stands at ‘about 3 billion residents generating 1.2 kg per person per day (1.3 billion tons per year)’. It also estimates that by 2025, the population will grow to 4.3 billion people generating waste amounting to 1.42 kg per individual in a day, which amounts to 2.2 billion tons of solid waste annually. Waste management is an important issue facing various municipal councils across the globe. Gandy (1999, p.21) notes that waste management refers to ‘the collection, transporta tion, processing and/or disposal, managing, and monitoring of waste materials’. The word ‘waste’ covers all material emanating from people’s activities. The aim of waste management is to mitigate the effects of the waste on the environment and people’s health (Price 2001). Considering the estimates of the Word Bank (2013) as stated above, building of municipal waste landfills emanates from individual consumers within urban centres. Therefore, a waste management plan begins with the development of strategies of reduction of waste production at an individual or organisational level. This step precedes the development of plans for disposal of garbage at an individual or organisational level. This paper presents a waste management plan in the workplaces for the Intel Corporation in its facilities in Oregon. Through proper management or reduction of waste at the facilities, the paper holds that municipal solid waste reduction at both Oregon and global pl atforms would become a reality when other organisational and individual consumers follow similar strategies for waste reduction across the globe. Description of the workplace Background information Concepts of foods waste management attract attention for retails food organisations as they seek for mechanisms of handling their waste in a manner consistent with concerns of environmental suitability anchored on perspectives of social corporate responsibility. This concern is perhaps due increasing cognitions that when foods organisations manage garbage better opportunities exists for cutting their operational cost (Pipatti Wihersaari 2008). Indeed, this is the main driver of paying intensive consideration to garbage reduction and management at the Intel Corporation’s dining facilities.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Intel Corporation Waste Management Plan in the Workplaces specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Lear n More Located in Hillsboro, in Oregon, two dining facilities (Jones Cafe 5 and Ronler Acres Cafe 3) owned by the Intel Corporation are incredibly concerned about proper waste management practices coupled with derivation of best approaches to garbage reduction. In this effort, the facilities sought to generate data for their garbage by tracking various pre-consumer food-related wastes through the deployment of waste tracking computer-based systems coupled with software applications (Intel Corporation 2010). The main objective of gathering this data was to provide information, which forms the basis for the creation of staff awareness on impacts of waste at the facilities, focus their behaviours towards waste minimisation, and conduct diagnosis for various causes of high wastage at the facilities. The program was put to action in 2009 through 2010. Preliminary results of the program indicated that tracking waste at the facilities on a daily basis had the capacity to reduce pre-consu mption waste by about 47 percent in terms of weight. It could also reduce the cost of foods per meal basis by 13.2 percent (Intel Corporation 2010). The facilities also approximated that if the waste management plan worked; extending similar concepts to other foods facilities in one year would reduce emissions of green gasses by about 100 metric tons (Intel Corporation 2010). Demographic data Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5 produce large amounts of garbage. At the workplaces, the amount of waste produced is not related to the floor space or the number of employees, but to the number of meals served by the two dining facilities on a daily basis. They both serve about 12,000 meals in a week, which translates to about 2900 pound of foods going into waste (Intel Corporation 2010). Such refuses have huge implication on the operational costs at the Intel Corporation, as evidenced by data from environmental protection agency of the US. Intel Corporation (2010, p.1) posits, ‘garb age cost commercial and retail food service operations $30 billion to $ 40 billion per week’.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The two workplaces owned by the Intel Corporation have their share on this huge sum of costs, which may be considered unnecessary if proper waste management plans and practices are adopted. Although pre-consumer wastage poses the biggest challenge to both Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5, other materials are emitted from the workplaces as waste. These materials include post-consumer waste such as packaging materials like cartons, plastics, aluminium cans, and steel waste such as damaged cutlery among others. Cutting on production of pre-consumer waste does not translate to reduction of some of these post-consumer wastes. The waste would end up in the incineration, recycling or landfills waste management systems in Oregon. Packed take-away meals pose a major challenge to the two facilities. The Intel Corporation does not have a mechanism of tracking waste associated with packed take-way foods and beverages in a bid to ensure their proper management through appropriate disposal ap proaches depending on the type of waste. Current waste management practices The current waste management systems at the Intel Corporations’ Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5 focus on reduction of pre-consumer waste. The food waste tracking system is created through financial aid from the department of environmental quality in Oregon and the Hillsboro City. The system operates through the deployment of digital scales coupled with software to measure various quantities of the disposed foods. Intel Corporation (2010, p.2) notes that the tracking includes ‘pre-consumer foods from hot and cold production areas as well as post-consumer foods from the hot line, salad bar and other cafes and kiosks throughout facilities’. In this sense, the system only focuses on the reduction of wastage of foods before consumption by the Intel corporation customers. It has mechanisms of reducing post-consumption waste. The current pre-consumer waste management system at both Ronler A cres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5 workplaces has proved less costly in terms of employees’ time utilised in weighing the foods thrown away as refuse. The system uses only 4 minutes within a week for every employee at the two work places. The data collected through the system includes the food items disposed, the reason for disposal, the type of containers used in weighing, the name of the employee recording the data, and the sending station of the dining facility. In the effort to foster productivity of the system, the Intel Corporation appointed a work team referred as ‘stop waste action team’ spearheaded by an executive chef to provide oversight and review data collection in every site. The team encouraged collective improvement in avoiding food wastage. Between 2009 and 2010, the system made it possible to reduce food waste to 1600pounds from 2900 pounds in a week. This move saved more than 60, 000 pounds of food from going into waste annually. In terms of cost, in every $ 1, 000,000 worth of food, $132, 000 was saved through pre-consumer waste reduction. However, this saving could even increase to $ 200,000 by adopting the waste management plan proposed in this paper. Rationale for waste assessment The rationale for conducting waste assessment at the Intel Corporation’s Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5 workplaces rests on the platform of the need to save costs for the organisation and mitigate health and environmental impacts of refuse. In Oregon, there is also a legislative requirement for organisations to reduce their waste materials in a bid to reduce the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Failure to comply with this directive may result to legal action against an organisation. However, amid this legislative requirement, cutting environmental costs and operational costs for Intel are the most important reasons for conducting the waste assessment. As argued before, operations in food services results in loss of $30 to$ 40 in the form of foods waste. This aspect is accounted for by between 4 and 10 percent of all foods prepared in the retail food sector that never reach the customers’ plate. Chief causes for this scenario include spoilage, overproduction, and expiration. These wasted foods add challenges to environmental pollution by food-associated waste such as packaging for consumed food, which finds its way to landfills. Decomposing food waste emits gases such as methane, which create greenhouse gas problems (Pipatti Savolainen 2006; Bogner Matthews 2003). Hence, reducing waste underscores an important aspect for conducting waste assessment in any work place. Methodology The first step in the development of waste management plan for Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5 is answering the question why waste exists in the two workplaces. Responses to this question prompt the necessity of conducting interviews with the workers at the organisation coupled with the management team. The existing waste manage ment system provides an important source of data on the type of garbage. However, for post- consumer waste, contents of waste collection bins are used to determine the type of waste finding its way to the Oregon municipal. Appropriate waste management techniques can only be derived after getting data pertaining to the types of waste materials involved in the process. Hence, an analysis of the waste contained in waste bins is important. A consideration is also made to study mechanisms of food processing at the two dining facilities. This aspect helps in gathering data on waste that accompanies foods offered at both Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5 workplaces, which may get out of the dining facilities in the form of take-away foods, later to find its way to the Oregon MSW treatment plants. Description of waste generating processes With the new system of waste management in place, Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5 have been in a position to reduce their pre-consumption wastage by more than 47 percent. The main processes through which waste materials are produced include trim wastage, expiration, spoiled foods, and over production. These processes are illustrated in the circle graph shown in fig. 1 below. Fig.1 waste production process at Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5 Source: Intel Corporation (2010, p.7) The processes for producing food in the facilities consume a lot of water, land resources, and more importantly, energy. Affluent water constitutes some of the principle waste produced by the facilities. Waste materials at the facilities are also produced through food processing activities such as transportation, storage, and processing. Waste materials composition includes biodegradable waste and non-biodegradable waste such as plastics and aluminium cans. Waste materials are normally collected in wastes bins before being hauled to the Oregon’s waste treatment plants. Efforts to reduce waste production at both Corporation’s Ronler A cres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5 has seen the Intel Corporation appoint waste administration personnel within its facilities headed by a senior chef. Under the new system, the organisation does not hire from outside its existing labour resources. The existing workforce takes individual responsibility to measure and record waste materials before disposal. From the paradigms of labour costs, Intel Corporation (2010, p.5) notes that ‘in hypothetical operations at an hourly rate of $ 10, total labour cost in the waste reduction would be less than $30 per week’. However, the system works without any additional dollars or even working hours for the existing employees. Instead of increasing labour, the waste management systems reduce labour requirements in the two dining facilities through the reduction of overproduction. Results from the waste assessment An interview with the workers and the management team provided important information on waste generation processes. An intervie w with the senior chefs at both Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5 revealed that forecasting of menus to cut down waste is a major problem. In particular, the chef for Ronler Acres Cafe 3 admitted that even in the light of the new system of waste management at his work place, low production forecasting is a major challenge. It may lead to failure of the facility to meet the orders of the day. Jones Cafe 5 senior chef admitted the incompleteness of the waste management system to address challenges of management of some waste materials such as refuse vegetable oils, empty cans, and other packaging materials such as containers for hot beverages. At both facilities, the management cited the problem of menu sophistication in contributing to the challenges of accurate forecasting of the raw material requirements to avoid waste production. The facilities kept on altering their menus to incorporate more of local and sustainable foods, which are highly perishable. This move led to the prod uction of more green waste. The pie-chart (circle graph) shown in fig. 2 below shows most discarded waste in the two dining facilities Fig. 2: Pie chart showing most discarded waste at Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and the Jones Cafe 5 Source: Intel Corporation (2010, p.7) Through the new pre-consumption waste management system, Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5 have been in a position to reduce their waste production levels tremendously as shown in table 1 below. Table 1: Waste reduction rate at Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5 Metric Total Total pre-consumer food waste 92, 920 lbs Waste baseline week(4/20/2009) 2933 lbs Report period ending week (4/05/2010) 1562 Percentage change in lbs -47% Source: Intel Corporation (2010, p.6) Analyses of results Amid the efforts of the Intel Corporation to minimise production of pre-consumer waste, both Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5 still produce other forms of waste materials. Effective management of such waste can lead to i mmense reduction of costs of running the facilities. One of the waste minimisation opportunities is to encourage customers to come with their hot beverages travel mugs. This move can help in reducing the amount of waste materials used for packaging hot beverages. The cost of each hot beverage-packing container is about 11% of the total cost each container of hot beverage served at the facilities. By offering 10 % discount on equal quantities, of beverage served to customers having their own hot beverage travel mugs, will increase profit levels of the beverages by 1% while reducing the amount of plastic waste drastically. This cost-saving and waste-reduction opportunity also includes additional saving on minimisation of transportation costs and the carbon dioxide emissions associated with transportation of the packaging containers to the facilities. Encouraging customers to come with their own travel mugs can assist in putting two trucks for hot beverage packaging containers out of t he roads per week. Both Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5 discard many used vegetable oils. Instead of incurring costs levied on proper disposal of oil refuse from restaurants in Oregon, Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5 can utilise the waste vegetable oil as cost-saving and waste-reduction opportunity. Vegetable oils can be deployed in the production of electricity to supplement the Oregon’s State grid supply to the Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5, and in the production of energy required in heating water. The utilisation of refuse vegetable oil in the production of electricity requires waste oil generator such as Vegawatt vegetable oil generator. The generator can produce hot water from refuse vegetable oil at a capacity of 120 gallons in a week (Kaplan 2012). Picture 1 below shows an example of Vegawatt generator, which can be installed in a restaurant Picture 1: Vegawatt waste vegetable oil generator Source: Kaplan (2012, p.25) Apart from the minimisation of e nergy consumption from the Oregon State’s grid, the generator does not introduce significant costs in terms of space utilisation. It is the size of two-door Samsung freezers sold in the commercial market. Its break-even time is four or even two years with a cost saving of $7,000 annually for smaller versions and $25, 000 for larger versions (Kaplan 2012). Considering that Oregon’s department for environmental quality and the city of Hillsboro have high interest on giving incentives to organisations seeking to install systems for waste reduction and proper waste management, with such incentives, the payback period for Vegawatt waste oil vegetable generator can be reduced even to 6 months. Waste recycling especially steel waste, plastic waste, and aluminium cans underscores another important cost-saving waste reduction opportunity. For effective implementation of this strategy, awareness on the need to dispose these waste materials appropriately is important. Consequentl y, Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5 need to sensitise their consumers on the importance of proper waste disposal. This goal can be achieved through the provision of waste bins for each type of waste at the exit of the facilities accompanied by signboards instructing customers to ‘put waste materials in their correct places.’ This move helps in reducing costs associated with sorting out waste materials. From the cost-saving analysis, the general perception is that recyclable waste materials call for collection, sorting out, and then transportation to the manufactures of the products and then delivered back to Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5 at reduced costs. However, from a wider perspective, reducing the amount of virgin raw material required in the production of the materials translates in to reduced costs of production due to easiness of accessing cheaper raw materials (Myllymaa et al. 2005; Jenkins et al. 2003). Hence, the cost of repurchasing the products m ade from 100% recycled material also reduces at the two facilities. Recommendations for waste minimisation Ronler Acres Cafe 3 and Jones Cafe 5 should specifically aim at reducing post- consumption waste having successfully already minimised pre-consumption waste. This strategy can help the two workplaces to save costs for running the facilities by an additional $80,000 per $1,000,000 worth of food produced as compared to the already achieved cost saving of $132, 000 per 1,000,000 worth of food produced through pre-consumption waste reduction strategies. Future wastage minimisation strategies should focus on recycling, use of waste to produce inputs required in running the facilities such as power by making use of waste vegetables oil generators, and reduction of the amount of take-away foods and beverages packaging using containers, which cannot be reused to repackage without going through the recycling processes. Implementation of the above-recommended practices requires the commi tment of organisational resources in purchasing the required equipments and machineries such as Vegawatt generators and waste collection bins. Short-term strategies such as encouraging customers to come in with their packaging such as travel mugs require no resource planning and time. They are implementable immediately. Recycling requires good administration of the waste collection process coupled with acquiring of waste collection bins. This recommendation is implementable within one year. Through funds obtained from the Oregon department for environmental quality and city of Hillsboro, purchasing of Vegawatt generators can be accomplished within the next six months. Reference List Bogner, J Matthews, E 2003, ‘Global methane emissions from landfills: New methodology and annual estimates 1980-1996’, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.17 no.11, pp. 34-48. Gandy, M 1999, Recycling and the Politics of Urban Waste, Prentice Hall, London.  Intel Corporation: Food Wastes Pr evention 2011, Intel Corporation, Oregon. Jenkins, R, Martinez, K, Palmer, K Podolsky, M 2003, ‘The determinants of household recycling: a material-specific analysis of recycling program features and unit pricing’, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, vol.45 no.2, pp. 294-318. Kaplan, M 2012, ‘Restaurants Use Waste Oil for Power Generation’, Smart Planet, vol.11, no.7, pp. 21-34. Myllymaa, H, Dahlbo, M Ollikainen, S 2005, ‘A method for implementing life cycle surveys of waste management alternatives: environmental and cost effects’, Resources, Conservation, and Recycling, vol. 7 no.50, pp. 108-121. Pipatti, R Savolainen, I 2006, ‘Role of energy production in the control of greenhouse gas emissions from waste management’, Energy Conservation Management, vol.37 no.6, pp. 1105-1110. Pipatti, R Wihersaari, M 2008, ‘Cost-effectiveness of alternative strategies in mitigating the greenhouse impact of waste manageme nt in three communities of different size’, Mitigation and Adaption Strategies for Global Change, vol.2 no.1, pp. 337-358. Price, J, 2001. ‘The landfill directive and the challenge ahead: demands and pressures on the UK householder’, Resources, Conservation, and Recycling, vol. 32 no.13, pp. 333-348. World Bank: What a Waste – A Global Review of Solid Waste Management 2013. Web. This case study on The Intel Corporation Waste Management Plan in the Workplaces was written and submitted by user Jazmin Lott to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ben Franklin BiographyCritique essays

Ben Franklin BiographyCritique essays In his many careers as a printer, moralist, essayist, civic leader, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, and philosopher, for later generations of Americans he became both a spokesman and a model for the national character. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts on Jan. 17, 1706, into a religious Puritan household. His father, Josiah, was a candlemaker and a skillful mechanic. His mother, Abiah Bens parents raised thirteen childrenthe survivors of Josiahs seventeen children by two wives (#1). Franklin left school at ten years old when he was pressed into his father's trade. At twelve Ben was apprenticed to his half brother James, a printer of The New England Courant. He generally absorbed the values and philosophy of the English Enlightenment. At the age of 16, Franklin wrote some pieces for the Courant signed "Silence Dogood," in which he parodied the Boston authorities and society (#3). At one point James Franklin was imprisoned for his liberal statements, and Benjamin carried on the paper himself. Having thus learned to resist oppression, Benjamin refused to suffer his brother's own domineering qualities and in 1723 ran away to Philadelphia (#1). Soon Franklin found a job as a printer. After a year he went to England, where he became a master printer, sowed some wild oats, amazed the locals with his swimming feats, and lived among inspiring writers of London. By 1726 Franklin was tiring of London (#1). He considered becoming an itinerant teacher of swimming, but when a Quaker merchant by the name of Thomas Denham offered him a clerkship in his store in Philadelphia, he decided to return home (#5). Returning to Philadelphia in 1726, he soon owned a newspaper, the Pennsylvania Gazette, and began to print Poor Richard's Almanac. In the Pennsylvania Gazette, a citizen asked editor Franklin the following question: "If A found out that his neighbor B was sleeping with his wife, was he justified in telling B's w...

Spanish and American War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Spanish and American War - Research Paper Example   Cuba was at war with Spain for ten years that lasted till 1878. In that year, Spain assured the Cubans of colonial reforms, many of which never happened. Then in 1895, war broke out again and the three years of the war completely devastated the island. The idea of the Cuban insurgents was to make Cuba so unproductive that the Spanish would leave the island on their own accord. On the other side, Spain’s strategy was to get a quick victory by defeating the Cuban rebels, who were poorly armed and fought in groups. When this strategy failed, Spain separated the peasant population from the rebels. The Spanish army destroyed cattle and crops in the villages in order to sever the food supply of the Cuban rebels. Thus, during the war both Cubans and Spanish were responsible for the devastation of the island (Offner 50-51). After the Spanish-Cuban war, trade relations between US and Cuba deteriorated. The import-export firms and shipping lines began to pressure the government to n egotiate with the Spanish for peace in Cuba. However, there was another group who invested heavily Cuban industries and sugarcane mills; they wanted an alliance with the Spanish to end the war. When McKinley became president in 1897, the US was recovering from economic depressions, and the businessmen felt that economic stability would be hampered by wars. Till the last moment of McKinley’s declaration of war, the government was cautioned against entering into a costly war. Then there was the general public of America who was instilled with an adverse opinion of Spain. They considered the Spanish as tyrannical rulers and hence supported the Cuban’s rebellion against the Spanish. The administration of Grover Cleveland believed that the Cuban insurgents would not stop their violence. He initially was in diplomatic favor of the Cubans but changed his attitude once the latter started destroying American property. He turned in favor of the war ending and Spanish control of the island. On the other hand, the Republican Party favored Cuban independence, and so when McKinley became the president, he was expected to work towards liberating Cuba from Spain. McKinley, however, was not in favor of taking any decision that would endanger the country’s economy. During that time, he became aware of Cuba’s depressing situation. The island’s agricultural economy was devastated. The Cuban civilians, including women and children, were in near death conditions. Cuba was in dilemma about evicting Spanish rule since the Cubans were not confident about self-governance. During this moment, McKinley decided that non-interference would not solve the problem (Offner 52-54). McKinley was in favor of sending shipments of arms to the Cuban insurgents at the risk of deteriorating relations with Spain. To avoid a war with Spain, McKinley then took a diplomatic step by warning the Spanish to end their tyrannical rule over Cuba. He gave them three months†™ time, although he did not expect the Spanish to agree. Eventually, McKinley was almost prepared for a potential war. During this time, Praxedes Sagasta became the prime minister of Spain.